Delta 32 Mutation And Resistance Against Hiv
DELTA 32 MUTATION AND RESISTANCE AGAINST HIV
In a research on European population reveals that some of the individuals are resistant to HIV-1 infection because they carry a mutation in there genome. This mutation is deletion mutation of 32 base pairs on chromosome 21. This code for the CCR5 receptors on T-helper cells. Those who carry homozygous condition of this mutation are found resistant to HIV-1 infection and those are heterozygous for this mutation are susceptible to HIV but show a slow progression than a wild type human.
There are three classes of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) which is responsible for AIDS.
a) HIV-1 b) HIV-2 c) HIV-3
This classification is based on the receptors on which the HIV virus binds on T-helper cells in human body. HIV-1 virus binds with CCR5 chemokine receptors, HIV-2 virus binds with CXCR4 receptor and third one is mixed type which can bind with any of these two receptors called MIXED tropic viruses. It has been found that most of the AIDS cases are due to HIV-1 infection which binds with CCR5 receptors.
ORIGIN AND EFFECT OF DELTA 32 MUTATION:-
This mutation is found to arise thousands years ago due to natural selection. Reason of occurrence of this mutation was supposed to be the black plague and small pox at that time which becomes the pandemic and kills many people, so this mutation arises and now it has been found to be providing resistance against HIV. In this mutation CCR5 coding genes is been deleted and so the individuals those carry homozygous condition of this mutation are resistant to HIV. Because HIV-1 as we know binds with CCR5 receptors and this binding is critical to the virus as without this event virus cannot fuse with the T-helper cell and its viral genome will not enter the cell so which leads to resistance against HIV-1 infection.
CCR5 ANTAGONISTS:-
Discovery of Delta 32 mutation in CCR5 gene leads to the development of new class of drugs called CCR5 antagonists that binds to the CCR5 receptor and blocks the viral entry into the cell by causing conformational changes in CCR5 receptor that unable the gp120 to attach with the receptor and thus virus can’t infect the cell this shows the promise to inhibit the HIV entry into the cell. The priority now is to get the drug to the people who are running out of options. The longer term effects will not be known until the drug has been used for 5 to 10 years.
A lot of work still to be done to get rid off from HIV.
Stop AIDS. Keep the Promise
this is a video that i did for my english class. I wrote a research paper on the HIV/AIDS crisis in Zimbabwe and to help put my paper into perspective, i made this video to go along with it.
Video Rating: 4 / 5
Walking Together, Walking Far: How a U.S. and African Medical School Partnership Is Winning the Fight against HIV/AIDS
Walking Together, Walking Far: How a U.S. and African Medical School Partnership Is Winning the Fight against HIV/AIDS
A remarkable partnership between the Indiana University School of Medicine and the Moi University School of Medicine in Kenya has built one of the most comprehensive and successful programs in the world to control HIV/AIDS. Calling upon the resources of the Americans, the ingenuity of the Kenyans, and their shared determination to care for patients who had been given up for dead, the program has been nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize and described as a miracle by the U.S. ambassador to Kenya. Doctors from Kenya and the United States—employing methods once considered unfeasible, such as successfully administered antiretroviral regimes—have created a model program for saving lives and empowering the sick and impoverished. Against formidable odds, these partners demonstrate how medicine and caring can overturn preconceived notions about Africa and help wipe out the world's most devastating pandemic.
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Article by Cancer Hospital India
As per WHO 33% women and 25% men are likely to get cancer in their life time. Incidence of cancer is increasing with every passing day. Cancer is global problem and has to be tackled globally. Battle against cancer can not be won by doctors and scientists alone. The entire community has to be involved. It is possible to prevent 40 – 50% cancer by adopting healthy life styles, to detect 10 – 20% cancers by self examination and 40 – 50% cancers by Annual Cancer Check ups. Cancer is curable, if detected early and treated promptly at good cancer centers.
Steps for Prevention of Cancer
• Stop smoking (active and passive) and alcohol to prevent lung, head and neck cancers.• Avoid high fat and rich foods; eat whole grains, fruits and fresh vegetables to prevent cancer of breast, prostate and colon.• Exercise to stay healthy• Avoid exposure to – household solvent cleaners, cleaning fluids, and paint thinners, pesticides, fungicides and other chemicals to avoid lung cancer.• Avoid multiple sex partners to avoid cancer cervix.• Avoid direct sunlight in summers to avoid skin cancers.• Get screening tests like the Pap smears, mammograms, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and Digital Rectal Examinations (Dress) for secondary prevention.
Steps for Early Diagnosis
• Each and every individual should do self examination once a month. • Each and every individual visiting his / her doctor for any ailment should be screened for cancer.• Annual cancer check up should be done at cancer hospitals.• Suspected cancer cases should be investigated urgently to confirm or rule out cancer.
Steps before Starting the Treatment• Tissue diagnosis to confirm / rule out cancer by FNAC / Biopsy.• Staging work up to confirm stage of the disease. • Tumour Board Evaluation to chart out custom made treatment plan for each individual, as per standard treatment guidelines.• Choosing NABH Accredited cancer hospitals, offering quality cancer treatment.
Advantages Of Tumour Board Evaluations
• A panel of cancer experts i.e. Medical Oncologists, Radiation Oncologists, Surgical Oncologists, Gynae Oncologists, Paediatric Oncologists, Onco-pathologists, Radiologists and Imaging experts, get together to review and plan suitable modality or modalities of treatment. • Treatment is need driven and not doctor driven. • Patients get the choice of surgery or radiotherapy, if the results are same by both modalities. • Patients are saved from unnecessary surgeries, if the surgeries cannot be performed. • Patients get complete treatment. This prevents recurrence due to incomplete treatment. • Chances of cure / improvement in quality of life are much higher because of right and optimum treatment.• Patients are saved from Medical shopping and get expert opinion under one roof by spending one consultation fee only.
Modalities Of Cancer Treatment
Radiation
Cancer is treated by giving external radiation with linear accelerators and internal radiation i.e. brachytherapy. The newer techniques of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy ensures that healthy tissues surrounding the tumour are not exposed to radiation to prevent side effects of radiotherapy. Radiation oncologists and physicists work together as a team to give radiation.
Cancer Surgery Cancer Surgeries are very complex lasting 2 – 12 hours. A dedicated team of surgical oncologists and Anaesthesiologists, supported by other allied specialists is a must. Surgical oncologists are best suited to decide whether surgeries have to be conservative or radical.
Chemotherapies
Medical oncologists are trained exclusively to plan and manage chemotherapies and their side effects. Chemotherapies can be Normal and High Dose, including dose-intense and dose-dense; Infusional multiple and single drug; Bolus Chemotherapies; Intra-arterial chemotherapy; Targeted Therapies; Immunotherapy / Biological Therapies; Hormonal Therapies; Neutropenic Care; Nutritional Therapy; Palliative and Terminal Supportive Care; blood transfusion and I/V fluids etc. The radiotherapists and surgeons are not trained to perform chemotherapies.