Yellow Fever- viral infection
Article by Addison
Yellow fever is a viral infection that is passed to humans by day time biting Aedes mosquitoes. It is called this because one of the symptoms is jaundice, which can make the skin and whites of the eyes appear yellow. In the past it was an important tropical disease and epidemics decimated armies and had a huge impact on American ports like Philadelphia, New Orleans and Memphis. Some people call it ‘American Plague’.
what is called an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The host that is the most common infector is the mosquito, as the other only known host are primates–and we hope not many people are suffering monkey bites in this day and age. The aforementioned symptoms are just the tip of the iceberg as once the disease passes this stage the real problems begin to occur. These changes can be avoided by a yellow vaccination.
It is a serious disease caused by a virus and prevalent in many Caribbean, African, South and Central American countries. The “yellow” in the name refers to the jaundice-like symptoms that affect some sufferers. Symptoms include fever and flu-like illnesses, jaundice, vomiting blood, liver, kidney, respiratory and other organ failure that can easily lead to death. The source of numerous devastating epidemics resulting in catastrophic causalities. One such deadly outbreak happened in 1802 when the disease struck French soldiers during the Haitian Revolution.
Infected individuals suffer fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, nausea and fatigue. This disease gets its name as some people with severe infections develop jaundice, when their eyes and skin turn yellow. All of these symptoms are non-specific, meaning that they can occur in many other diseases also. Many people with this disease may have only a mild illness that can be mistaken for a simple ‘flu’. Some people may have no symptoms at all. This disease can progress to a severe illness with life threatening complications. After a person recovers, they are generally immune to the disease.
Yellow fever vaccine is administered for two reasons. The first, and most obvious, is to protect travelers from the infection. Secondly, many countries require travelers to be vaccinated, not for the travelers’ health, but to protect their citizens in case you are infected. This requirement is generally enforced if you are traveling from a yellow region and are entering a new country. Those who are unvaccinated or have no proof of vaccination can expect to be turned away at the border. While being denied entry on arrival may generate some excitement, this is not our idea of adventure travel!
Travel doctors follow disease trends worldwide and can advise you whether a YF vaccination is necessary. Remember, YF vaccine can only be given by a medical professional who has been certified to administer this injection. You will receive an official stamped paper documenting proof of vaccination. Immunity after YF vaccination lasts 10 years. Since the vaccine contains live virus, there are some individuals who should not receive it. Your travel medicine physician will discuss this with you. Ideally, YF vaccine should be administered at least 10 days before arrival to a fever region.
A safe and effective live virus vaccine, is administered to millions of people today. This does not make healthy people sick because the virus has been altered so that it cannot cause disease. Side effects are rare.
Travelers should also take precautions against mosquito bites when in areas with yellow fever transmission.Travelers should get vaccinated for yellow fever before visiting areas where the disease occurs. In the United States, the vaccine is given only at designated yellow fever vaccination centers.
Information on yellow fever-a viral infection
Article by peter hutch
Yellow fever, which is also known as sylvatic fever and viral hemorrhagic fever or VHF, is a severe infectious disease caused by a type of virus called a flavivirus. This flavivirus can cause outbreaks of epidemic proportions throughout Africa and tropical America.The first written evidence of such an epidemic occurred in the Yucatan in 1648. Since that time, much has been learned about the interesting transmission patterns of this devastating illness.What causes yellow fever?
Yellow fever virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family, other members of which cause dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis.
The virus is introduced into the bloodstream via the saliva of the mosquito as it bites.
The virus can then be transported around the body and reproduce itself in a variety of the body’s cells, usually the liver, kidneys and blood vessels. In serious cases, these cells may become damaged themselves.What is the basic yellow fever transmission cycle?There are two kinds of yellow fever, spread by two different cycles of infection.Jungle yellow fever is mainly a disease of monkeys. It is spread from infected mosquitoes to monkeys in the tropical rain forest. People get jungle yellow fever when they are bitten by mosquitoes that have been infected after feeding on infected monkeys. Jungle yellow fever is rare and occurs mainly in persons who live or work in tropical rain forests.SymptomsThe virus remains silent in the body during an incubation period of three to six days. There are then two disease phases. While some infections have no symptoms whatsoever, the first, “acute”, phase is normally characterized by fever, muscle pain (with prominent backache), headache, shivers, loss of appetite, nausea and/or vomiting. Often, the high fever is paradoxically associated with a slow pulse. After three to four days most patients improve and their symptoms disappear.However, 15% enter a “toxic phase” within 24 hours. Fever reappears and several body systems are affected. The patient rapidly develops jaundice and complains of abdominal pain with vomiting.Yellow Fever Vaccinations:The yellow fever vaccine is an attenuated, live-virus preparation of the 17D strain of yellow fever virus grown in leucosis-free chick embryos. A single dose correctly given confers immunity in 100% of recipients, and immunity persists for at least 10 years. Re-immunisation is currently recommended after 10 years. This vaccination is given as a single injection given subcutaneously. If a country requires the vaccine for entry, travellers must allow at least 10 days before entering the country for vaccination. Treatment of yellow fever:Infection should be treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy and tailored as antibiotic sensitivities are identified Many cases of deep-seated infection or abscess require percutaneous or surgical drainage Fever due to malignancy will usually regress with surgical debulking, chemotherapy, and/or radiation directed at the primary tumor Rheumatologic disorders may require NSAIDs, steroids, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, or other cytotoxic agents.
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